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1.
Acta otorrinolaringol. cir. cuello (En línea) ; 51(2): 137-142, 20230000. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1442499

ABSTRACT

Introducción: el papel clave del olfato, antiguo sistema sensorial, es proporcionar información sobre las sustancias químicas en el medio ambiente. El olfato desempeña un papel en la detección de compuestos peligrosos, el mantenimiento de la nutrición, el comportamiento interpersonal, la salud neurológica y la sensación de placer, entre otras funciones. En consecuencia, la disfunción olfativa puede conducir a un riesgo de lesiones, desnutrición, aislamiento social y una mala calidad de vida. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una exploración bibliográfica y se identificaron artículos de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión definidos y se tomaron aquellos con calidad en la evidencia. Discusión: el sistema olfativo humano tiene diferencias anatómicas, fisiológicas y genéticas considerables con respecto al de otros mamíferos. Conclusiones: las destrezas olfativas varían con factores como la edad, el sexo, la etapa de desarrollo, ciertas enfermedades otorrinolaringológicas y enfermedades generales.


Introduction: The key role of the ancient olfactory sensory system is to provide information about chemicals in the environment. Smell plays a role in the detection of dangerous compounds, the maintenance of nutrition, interpersonal behavior, neurological health, and the sensation of pleasure, among other functions. Consequently, olfactory dysfunction can lead to a risk of injury, malnutrition, social isolation, and a poor quality of life. Materials and methods: A bibliographical exploration was carried out and articles were identified according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria defined and those with quality evidence were taken. Discussion: The human olfactory system has considerable anatomical, physiological, and genetic differences from that of other mammals. Conclusions: Olfactory skills vary with factors such as age, sex, stage of development, certain ear, nose and throat diseases and general diseases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Smell , Otolaryngologists , Olfactory Nerve , Receptors, Odorant
2.
Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. (Online) ; 60: e203068, 2023. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1433925

ABSTRACT

Environmental enrichment techniques include olfactory stimuli for improving animal welfare. This study aimed to analyze the reactions of 41 shelter dogs exposed to odorous stimuli, such as the method used in another study on wild canids. The focal animal method analyzed the dogs' reactions, with all behaviors recorded. Behavioral responses were classified as positive (P+), negative (N-), or other (Ot). Independent variables were all dogs and the size of the packs. The behavior between the basal (without stimulus), exposure, and after-stimulus withdrawal was analyzed. For all dogs, olfactory stimuli significantly increased P+ (P=0.001) and N- (P=0.004), contrasting with the decrement of Ot behaviors (P=0.001) from the basal to the exposure phase. After the withdrawal of the stimuli, P+, N-, and Ot behaviors returned to basal levels (P>0.05). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the conduct of small or large packs exposed to stimuli. Dogs are sensitive to olfactory stimuli, but arousal is generalized to P+ and N-. It is undesirable to an N- increase for improvement of animal welfare. Contrary to what was observed in a study with wild canids, the method failed in shelter dogs because N- was increased. The introduction of sudden novelty (olfactory stimulus) in an impoverished shelter environment may have caused excitement in the dogs. It is suggested that changes in the method, such as stimuli exposition to each dog in an isolated room, are necessary to increase sheltered dog well-being.(AU)


As técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental incluem estímulos olfativos para aumentar o bem-estar animal. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as reações de 41 cães de abrigo expostos a estímulos odoríferos, como o método utilizado em outro estudo com canídeos selvagens. As reações dos cães foram analisadas pelo método animal focal, com todos os comportamentos registrados. As respostas comportamentais foram classificadas como positivas (P+), negativas (N-) ou outras (Ot). As variáveis independentes foram todos os cães e o tamanho das matilhas. Foi analisado o comportamento entre o basal (sem estímulo), exposição e após a retirada do estímulo. Para todos os cães, os estímulos olfativos aumentaram significativamente P+ (P=0,001) e N- (P=0,004), contrastando com a diminuição dos comportamentos Ot (P=0,001) da fase basal para a de exposição. Após a retirada dos estímulos, os comportamentos P+, N- e Ot retornaram aos níveis basais (P>0,05). Não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) no comportamento de matilhas pequenas ou grandes expostas a estímulos. Os cães são sensíveis a estímulos olfativos, mas a excitação parece ser generalizada para ambos, P+ e N-. É indesejável um aumento de N- para melhoria do bem-estar animal. Ao contrário do que foi observado em um estudo com canídeos selvagens, o método falhou em abrigar cães porque o N- foi aumentado. A introdução de uma novidade repentina (estímulo olfativo) em um ambiente de abrigo empobrecido, pode ter causado excitação exagerada nos cães. Sugere-se alterações no método, como a exposição de estímulos a cada cão em uma sala isolada necessária para aumentar o bem-estar do cão abrigado.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Receptors, Odorant/analysis , Dogs/anatomy & histology , Olfactory Perception/physiology , Housing, Animal
3.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2022. 111 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1396973

ABSTRACT

O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar as consequências moleculares e funcionais da falta da proteína Ric8b no epitélio olfatório de camundongos. Para esse fim, comparamos o transcriptoma de epitélio olfatório de camundongos knock-out tecido específico para a proteína RIC8B (Ric8b cKO) com o dos seus irmãos tipo selvagem (WT). Identificamos muitos genes que apresentaram expressão reduzida no epitélio olfatório do camundongo Ric8b cKO, mas também vários genes que apresentaram a sua expressão aumentada. A maioria dos genes com expressão reduzida corresponde a genes normalmente expressos em neurônios olfatórios maduros, como por exemplo os genes de receptores olfatórios, o que é compatível com o fato já conhecido de que os camundongos Ric8b cKO apresentam um menor número desses neurônios. Inesperadamente, apesar de a maioria dos genes de receptores olfatórios ter a sua expressão diminuída no camundongo Ric8b cKO, observamos que um grupo destes genes de receptores teve a sua expressão aumentada. Os camundongos Ric8b cKO apresentaram também genes marcadores de outros tipos celulares que não neurônios canônicos com expressão aumentada no seu epitélio olfatório. Dentre eles, os mais significativamente alterados foram os genes marcadores de neurônios Trpc2+ tipo B (que expressam a guanilato ciclase solúvel Gucy1b2). Sabe-se que este tipo de neurônio é responsável pela sensibilidade a diferentes gases, e concordantemente, observamos que os camundongos Ric8b cKO apresentaram um aumento da sensibilidade a gás carbônico. Como o olfato apresenta um papel importante na regulação de ingestão alimentar, analisamos como os camundongos Ric8b cKO se comportam frente a diferentes dietas. Interessantemente, observamos que esses animais não apresentam preferência por alimento rico em gorduras quando comparado aos seus irmãos tipo selvagem. Nossos resultados sugerem, portanto, que a ausência da proteína RIC8B resulta na alteração de representatividade de neurônios canônicos e não canônicos no epitélio olfatório de camundongos, o que por sua vez leva a alterações funcionais e comportamentais


The objective of this work was to identify the molecular and functional consequences of the lack of the RIC8B protein in the main olfactory epithelium of mice. To this end, we compared the olfactory epithelium transcriptome of Ric8b tissue-specific knock-out mice (Ric8b cKO) with that of their wild-type littermates (WT). We identified many genes with differential expression, many of which were downregulated and also some which were upregulated in the olfactory epithelium of the Ric8b cKO mice. Most of the downregulated genes correspond to genes normally expressed in mature olfactory sensory neurons, such as olfactory receptor genes. This is compatible with the already known fact that the Ric8b cKO mice have less of this kind of neuron. Unexpectedly, even though most of the olfactory receptor genes were downregulated, we observed a subset of these genes that had their expression upregulated in the Ric8b cKO mice. The Ric8b cKO mice also showed upregulation for genes that are markers for cell types other than canonic neurons in their olfactory epithelium. Among these, the most significantly altered were the markers for neurons Trpc2+ type B (that express the soluble guanylate cyclase Gucy1b2). It is known that this kind of neuron is responsible for sensitivity to different gases. Accordingly, we observed that the Ric8b cKO mice presented a higher sensitivity to carbon dioxide. Since olfaction has an important role in food intake, we analyzed how the Ric8b cKO mice behaved with different diets. Interestingly, we observed that the Ric8b cKO mice lack preference for high fat diet when compared to their wild-type littermates. Our results indicate, therefore, that the lack of the RIC8B protein results in altered representativity of canonic and non-canonic neurons in the olfactory epithelium of mice, which then leads to altered function and behavior


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Mice , Olfactory Mucosa/abnormalities , Receptors, Odorant/agonists , Olfactory Receptor Neurons , Mice, Knockout , Feeding Behavior/classification , Neurons/chemistry , Absenteeism
4.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2020. 77 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1292751

ABSTRACT

As primeiras células responsáveis pela percepção olfatória são os neurônios olfatórios (OSNs) presentes no epitélio olfatório (EO) da cavidade nasal, que reconhecem moléculas voláteis presentes no ar, denominadas odorantes, através de receptores específicos. Diferentemente de neurônios do sistema nervoso central (SNC), que estão relativamente protegidos de genotoxinas exógenas, OSNs estão em constante contato com agentes potencialmente genotóxicos, incluindo o oxigênio atmosférico. Além disto, em contraste com a maioria dos neurônios do SNC, OSNs são periodicamente repostos através de neurogênese adulta, portanto, possuem um tempo de vida menor do que outros neurônios. A função olfatória diminui durante o envelhecimento normal e patológico, através de mecanismos que ainda não estão totalmente claros. Em doenças neurodegenerativas, a perda do olfato é um dos sintomas iniciais e é utilizada como marcador de resposta a alguns tratamentos. Relações causais entre deficiências em reparo de DNA e neurodegeneração já foram demonstradas em vários modelos experimentais. No entanto, ainda não se sabe se alterações nessas vias contribuem para a perda olfatória observada nessas condições, provavelmente porque não há dados disponíveis na literatura sobre vias de reparo de DNA em OSNs. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as vias de reparo de DNA presentes em populações de OSNs maduros e seus precursores. Analisamos dados de expressão de genes de reparo extraídos de dois transcriptomas diferentes, um relacionado à idade e outro, ao estágio de diferenciação destes neurônios. Em seguida, validamos os resultados obtidos da análise in silico através de PCR em tempo real utilizando amostras de EO de camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6J em duas idades (neonatos e com três semanas de idade). Nossos resultados indicam que OSNs são proficientes em todas as vias de reparo de excisão analisadas, apresentando expressão detectável de genes essenciais de cada via. A comparação entre populações enriquecidas em precursores ou em neurônios maduros, nas duas análises, sugere que a atividade de pelo menos quatro vias de reparo de excisão é menor em camundongos jovens, quando comparados aos neonatos, sugerindo, portanto, que há diminuição na expressão durante a diferenciação destas células. Esta observação vai corrobora com dados da literatura que mostraram que a expressão e atividade de proteínas de reparo em células proliferativas é maior do que em célulasterminalmente diferenciadas. Para testar a hipótese de que, por estarem em constante contato com agentes genotóxicos, OSNs acumulam mais lesões em DNA do que células no SNC, comparamos os níveis de lesões em DNA obtido de amostras de EO e de bulbo olfatório (BO), e de córtex temporal (CT), uma região cerebral que não apresenta taxas significativas de neurogênese e não expostas ao ambiente externo. A taxa de lesão foi calculada a partir de dados obtidos por PCR de longa extensão. Resultados obtidos utilizando EO, BO e CT de camundongos com três semanas de idade mostram que a amplificação em amostras de CT é muito menor do que em EO ou BO, sugerindo que neurônios do SNC acumulam mais lesões do que neurônios de regiões que apresentam neurogênese, mesmo que estas estejam constantemente expostas a agentes genotóxicos exógenos. Além disso, a eficiência de amplificação de fragmentos longos de DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) foi menor em EO do que em BO, sugerindo que a constante exposição ao oxigênio atmosférico contribui para o acúmulo de lesões ao mtDNA, que é mais suscetível do que o DNA nuclear. Esse trabalho demonstra, pela primeira vez, que OSNs expressam proteínas essenciais de vias de reparo de DNA, cuja expressão decresce durante o processo de maturação dos neurônios olfatórios. Esses resultados devem contribuir para o entendimento dos mecanismos de manutenção da integridade genômica nestas células tão únicas


The first cells responsible for olfactory perception are the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), located in the olfactory epitelhium (OE) in the nasal cavity, which recognize volatile molecules in the air, called odorants, through olfactory receptors. Unlike neurons located in the central nervous system (CNS), which are relatively protected from exogenous toxins, OSNs are in constant contact with genotoxic agents, including atmospheric oxygen. Moreover, in contrast with most neurons in CNS, OSNs are periodically replaced through adult neurogenesis, therefore, having shorter lifespan than most neurons. Olfactory function decreases during normal and pathological aging, through mechanisms that are still not fully understood. In neurodegenerative diseases, olfactory loss is an early symptom and, in some cases, is used as a treatment response marker. DNA repair defects have been causally linked with neurodegeneration in different experimental models. However, it still unclear whether DNA repair alterations contribute to olfactory loss in these conditions, probably because there are no data available on DNA repair dynamic in OSNs. Therefore, our goal was to characterize the DNA repair pathways present in precursor and mature OSNs populations. We analyzed gene expression data from age-related and differentiation stage-related transcriptomes of these neurons, and validated the results by real time PCR using mouse OE samples from C57BL/6J lineage in two different ages (newborns and three weeks old). Our results indicate that OSNs are proficient in all DNA repair pathways investigated, showing detectable expression of essential genes from each pathway. When comparing populations enriched for mature OSNs or its precursors, our results suggest that the activities of at least four repair pathways are lower in young mice than in newborns, suggesting that DNA repair expression decreases during OSNs differentiation. This observation is consistent with published data showing that the expression and activities of repair proteins is lower in terminally differentiated than in proliferative cells . To test the hypothesis that OSNs would accumulate more DNA damage than CNS neurons, since they are in constant contact wtih genotoxic agents, we compared DNA damage levels in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from OE, olfactory bulb (OB), and temporal cortex (TC) samples. We chose to use the TC region and a non-olfactory related control as it does not show significant adult neurogenesis and it is not exposed to external environment. Lesion rate wascalculated from data obtained by long extension PCR. Results from 3 weeks old mice OE, OB and TC samples showed that the amplification in TC samples is much lower than OE or OB samples, suggesting that neurons in CNS accumulate more damage than neurons that undergo neurogenesis. Besides, lesion frequency was higher in OE mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) than in OB, suggesting that the constant exposure to atmospheric oxygen may contribute to accumulation of mtDNA lesions. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that OSNs are proficient in at least four DNA repair pathways, and that expression of key genes in these pathways decreases with differentiation. These results will contribute to better our understanding of the mechanisms involved in genomic stability in such unique cell types


Subject(s)
Olfactory Bulb , Smell , DNA Damage , DNA , Nasal Cavity , Computer Simulation , Central Nervous System , Receptors, Odorant , Neurodegenerative Diseases
5.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2018. 83 p. tab, ilus, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-909508

ABSTRACT

Os genes de receptores olfatórios (OR) pertencem a uma família de proteínas de membrana formada por cerca de 1000 genes no genoma de camundongo. Os genes OR são expressos de forma monogênica e monoalélica nos neurônios olfatórios (OSNs). No entanto, ainda não está claro o mecanismo que permite essa forma de expressão peculiar, sobretudo, qual o papel da metilação de DNA nesse processo. Nosso estudo determinou o padrão de metilação de DNA da região promotora e codificadora do gene Olfr17. Em células de epitélio olfatório (MOE) de camundongos adultos, observamos na região codificadora (CDS) do gene uma frequência de metilação em dinucleotídeos CpG 58%, enquanto que na sua região promotora ela foi bem mais baixa. Os níveis de metilação do Olfr17 em MOE de embrião (E15.5) e fígado foram similares aos observados em MOE de animais adultos. Em seguida, analisamos se a metilação de DNA pode regular a expressão gênica do Olfr17. Utilizando animais transgênicos onde os neurônios olfatórios que expressam Olfr17 também expressam GFP, pudemos selecionar neurônios olfatórios GFP+ e analisar a metilação do gene Olfr17, que está ativo nestas células. Verificamos que o padrão geral de metilação do Olfr17, tanto na região CDS como na região promotora, não se altera quando este gene está ativo. Este resultado indica que alterações na metilação do gene Olfr17 não são necessárias para que este receptor seja expresso. Finalmente, verificamos que a região promotora do gene Olfr17, de duas linhagens de camundongos diferentes, a C57BL/6 e a 129, possuem dois polimorfismos de base única (SNPs) que alteram o conteúdo CpG. Devido a estes SNPs, a linhagem 129 apresenta dois sítios CpG adicionais, inexistentes na linhagem C57BL/6. Nossas análises mostraram que estes CpGs são frequentemente metilados, o que torna o promotor do Olfr17 de 129 significativamente mais metilado que o promotor de C57BL/6. Em seguida, nós analisamos o nível de expressão no MOE dos dois alelos de Olfr17, o 129 e o C57BL/6, utilizando ensaios de RT-qPCR. Estes experimentos demonstraram que o nível de expressão do alelo 129, que possui 3 CpGs metiladas em seu promotor, é menor que o do alelo C57BL/6, que apresenta apenas uma CpG que é pouco metilada em seu promotor. Nossos resultados sugerem que as alterações na região promotora influenciam a probabilidade com que o gene OR é escolhido para ser expresso no MOE


Olfactory receptor (OR) genes belong to a large family of membrane proteins composed of 1000 genes in the mouse genome. The OR genes are expressed in the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in a monogenic and monoallelic fashion. However, the mechanisms that govern OR gene expression are unclear. Here we asked whether DNA methylation plays a role in the regulation of OR gene expression. We first determined the DNA methylation pattern in the coding (CDS) and promoter regions of the odorant receptor gene Olfr17. In olfactory epithelium (MOE) cells, the CpG methylation level in the CDS is 58% but is much lower in the promoter region of the gene. In embryonic MOE (E15.5) and liver, the levels of Olfr17 DNA methylation are similar to the ones shown in adult MOE. We next analyzed whether DNA methylation is involved in Olfr17 regulation. We isolated GFP+ neurons from transgenic mice that coexpress GFP with Olfr17, and analyzed the DNA methylation pattern of the Olfr17, which is active in these cells. We found that the general methylation pattern, both, in the coding and promoter regions is not altered in the active gene. These results indicate that changes in DNA methylation are not required for the activation of Olfr17. Finally, we found that the Olfr17 promoter region from two different mouse strains, C57BL/6 and 129, has two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that alter the CpG content. The SNPs lead to the existence of two additional CpGs in the 129 allele, which are absent in the C57BL/6 allele. These CpGs are frequently methylated, making the 129 Olfr17 promoter significantly more methylated than the Olfr17 promoter from C57BL/6. We next performed RT-qPCR experiments to analyze the expression levels of the 129 and C57BL/6 Olfr17 alleles in the MOE. These experiments showed that the expression level of the 129 Olfr17 allele, which contains three methylated CpGs in its promoter region, is lower than the one from C57BL/6, which contains only one, undermethylated CpG, in its promoter. Our results suggest that these promoter modifications regulate the probability of the OR gene choice


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Mice , Receptors, Odorant/analysis , DNA Methylation/physiology , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Genetic Variation , Gene Expression
6.
Genomics & Informatics ; : 1-1, 2018.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-713227
7.
Protein & Cell ; (12): 325-337, 2016.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-757130

ABSTRACT

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in all human physiological systems where they are responsible for transducing extracellular signals into cells. GPCRs signal in response to a diverse array of stimuli including light, hormones, and lipids, where these signals affect downstream cascades to impact both health and disease states. Yet, despite their importance as therapeutic targets, detailed molecular structures of only 30 GPCRs have been determined to date. A key challenge to their structure determination is adequate protein expression. Here we report the quantification of protein expression in an insect cell expression system for all 826 human GPCRs using two different fusion constructs. Expression characteristics are analyzed in aggregate and among each of the five distinct subfamilies. These data can be used to identify trends related to GPCR expression between different fusion constructs and between different GPCR families, and to prioritize lead candidates for future structure determination feasibility.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Computational Biology , Crystallography, X-Ray , Gene Expression , Plasmids , Genetics , Metabolism , Protein Domains , Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled , Classification , Genetics , Metabolism , Receptors, Odorant , Metabolism , Receptors, Purinergic P1 , Genetics , Metabolism , Sf9 Cells , Spodoptera
8.
Journal of Southern Medical University ; (12): 1420-1425, 2014.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-329274

ABSTRACT

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To clone and identify olfactory receptor odorant receptor 7 (OR7) gene of Aedes albopictus and analyze its expression profile and calcium regulation function.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>RT-PCR was used to amplify the olfactory receptor OR7 gene of Ae. albopictus and OR7 expression was detected in different tissues and organs. The coding sequence of OR7 gene was cloned in eukaryotic expression vector pME18s, which was then transfected into HEK293 cells. The calcium callback function in response to odor molecule stimulation was analyzed by calcium imaging technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The OR7 gene of Ae. albopictus was cloned and sequence analysis showed that its coding region was 1395 bp. RT-PCR detected OR7 expression in the larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes, especially in female mosquitos. Preliminary analysis of calcium callback function demonstrated the specific regulation of calcium absorption by OR7 in response to odor molecule stimulation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The OR7 gene of Ae. albopictus has been cloned successfully. OR7 is highly expressed in female mosquitos and is capable of specific recognition of the odor molecules.</p>


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Aedes , Genetics , Cloning, Molecular , Gene Expression , Genes, Insect , HEK293 Cells , Larva , Pupa , Receptors, Odorant , Genetics
9.
Hanyang Medical Reviews ; : 100-106, 2014.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-103512

ABSTRACT

The olfactory epithelium is the main end organ for the sense of smell in humans and vertebrates. Specially differenciated neuronal cells called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) play a key role in the olfactory epithelium by expressing the olfactory receptors (ORs) on their apical surface membrane. The ORs are G-protein coupled receptors that transmit signals from odorants to ORNs by molecular cascades using cyclic adenosine monophosphate, calcium ions and other molecules, which result in the depolarization of ORN. Unlike other mammalian animals, only about 30% of OR genes in the human genome are expressed. The Nobel Prize was awarded to the scientists who cloned these ORs for the first time. Each ORN expresses only a single type of OR, and ORNs which express the same type of OR converge together into the same glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. A single OR recognizes multiple odorants, and a single odorant is recognized by multiple ORs with varying affinities. At the higher neurons beyond the bulb, neuronal connections are divergent. The combinatorial model of odor identification and discrimination is well established at the convergence level, but little is known about the action mechanisms of neuronal divergence for odor identification and discrimination and further study is required.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Adenosine Monophosphate , Awards and Prizes , Calcium , Clone Cells , Discrimination, Psychological , Genome, Human , GTP-Binding Proteins , Ions , Membranes , Neurons , Nobel Prize , Odorants , Olfactory Bulb , Olfactory Mucosa , Olfactory Pathways , Olfactory Receptor Neurons , Receptors, Odorant , Smell , Vertebrates
10.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 108(supl.1): 88-91, 2013. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-697835

ABSTRACT

Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l. is the main vector of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) and occurs as a species complex. DNA samples from two Brazilian sympatric species that differ in pheromone and courtship song production were used to analyse molecular polymorphisms in an odorant-binding protein ( obp29 ) gene. OBPs are proteins related to olfaction and are involved in activities fundamental to survival, such as foraging, mating and choice of oviposition site. In this study, the marker obp29 was found to be highly polymorphic in Lu. longipalpis s.l. , with no fixed differences observed between the two species. A pairwise fixation index test indicated a moderate level of genetic differentiation between the samples analysed.


Subject(s)
Animals , Insect Vectors/genetics , Psychodidae/genetics , Receptors, Odorant/genetics , Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology , Sympatry/genetics , Brazil , Genetic Fitness , Pheromones/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Reproductive Isolation , Sequence Analysis, DNA
11.
Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences ; (6): 117-122, 2012.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-247173

ABSTRACT

The olfactory perception is the process that the olfactory receptor is activated by odorous molecules, which induce the transduction of signal in the cell and the chemical information is transduced into electrical impulses. After the changed signal is transmitted to the brain, the whole perception process completes. OR gene belongs to the multigene family. The coded olfactory receptor proteins belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily and therefore are invariably seven-transmembrane domain(7TM) protein. Olfactory receptor protein plays an important role in olfactory perception and signal transduction process.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Olfactory Receptor Neurons , Metabolism , Physiology , Receptors, Odorant , Chemistry , Genetics , Physiology , Signal Transduction
12.
ARBS annu. rev. biomed. sci ; 11(n.esp): T86-T94, 20090000. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-560452

ABSTRACT

Through the sense of smell mammals can obtain information about food, danger, sexual partners and predators. Two main different types of signals can be recognized by the olfactory system: volatile odorants, which are detected by the olfactory sensory neurons of the nose; and pheromones, which are detected by the vomeronasal neurons of the accessory olfactory system, or vomeronasal organ. These sensory neurons express respectively hundreds of odorant and pheromone receptors, which belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. We review the general organization of the main and accessory olfactory systems, the structures of the receptor families in each of these organs and their signaling pathways.


Subject(s)
Receptors, Odorant , Smell , Signal Transduction , Pheromones , Vomeronasal Organ
13.
Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery ; (12): 669-674, 2009.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-317300

ABSTRACT

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To constitute the animal model of unilateral olfactory nerve transection and observe the expression level and distribution of odorant receptors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-two rats were divided into two groups: the olfactory nerve transection group (20) and the control group (12). The former group received the operation to transect the left olfactory nerve following the left olfactory bulb was exposed under microscope and the latter group did not give any disposal. At every stage of five days, two weeks, four weeks and six weeks after the operation, five rats from the nerve transection group and three from the control group were anaesthetized simultaneously, and olfactory epithelium were taken out after transcardial perfusion, then paraffin imbedding. Coronal sections were sliced for HE staining to observe the thickness changes of the olfactory epithelium, and for in situ hybridization (ISHs) to investigate the expression of olfactory receptor genes (Olr287, Olr226, Olr1493 and Olr1654) in the epithelium, also to evaluate the changes of the expression level and location of the selected receptors during the regeneration of olfactory epithelium.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HE staining showed that 5 days after the operation cell quantity and thickness of the olfactory epithelium decreased obviously, which increased gradually 2 or 4 weeks after operation. After 6 weeks' recovery, the thickness of the epithelium could reach the control level. The pattern of cell staining by ISH showed a specific spatial distribution along the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axis. Evidence suggested that odorant receptors were distributed in continuous and multiple overlapping bands in the normal or nerve transected-recovered epithelium rather than in the conventionally accepted three or four zones. The data also demonstrated that the distribution of sensory neuron types, as identified and defined by odorant receptor expression, was restored to normal or nearly so by 6 weeks after operation. Likewise, the numbers of probe-labeled neurons in the nerve transected-recovered had an obvious decrease 5 days after olfactory nerve transection. Reactive cells (x(-) +/- s) of Olr1493 in the operated side was (53.9 +/- 19.9), compared with (419.0 +/- 21.2) in the unoperated side, there was statistic significance between them (t = 63.960, P < 0.01). Reactive cells increased gradually according to the regeneration of the epithelium, and were nearly equivalent to the normal side 6 weeks later without significant differentiation (t = 2.600, P > 0.05), according to the absolute positive cells in the operated and unoperated side of (417.8 +/- 32.4) and (445.3 +/- 10.0) respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The regeneration of the sensory neurons and receptors, both the number and the distribution, can recover to normal after olfactory nerve transection.</p>


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Olfactory Mucosa , Metabolism , Olfactory Nerve , Metabolism , General Surgery , Olfactory Nerve Injuries , Olfactory Receptor Neurons , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Odorant , Genetics , Metabolism
14.
São Paulo; s.n; 5 dez. 2008. 86[8] p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-508070

ABSTRACT

O sistema olfatório de mamíferos é capaz de detectar milhares de substâncias químicas diferentes, mesmo em baixas concentrações. Um odorante disperso no ar pode se ligar a um receptor olfatório (OR) iniciando o processo de detecção. Os ORs são membros da super família de receptores acoplados a proteína G (GPCRs). Apesar de a via de transdução de sinal de odorantes estar bem descrita, pouco se sabe sobre os seus moduladores. Em 2005, nosso laboratório identificou RIC-8B como um possível fator de troca de nucleotídeos de guanina (GEF) que poderia amplificar a atividade da proteína G olfatória (Golf). No presente trabalho mostramos que RIC-8B é capaz de interagir com Gγ13. Procurando os outros componentes desse complexo identificamos Gβ1 como sendo a subunidade Gβ mais expressa no epitélio olfatório...


Subject(s)
Mice , Rabbits , Olfactory Pathways , Olfactory Receptor Neurons , Odorants/analysis , Receptors, Odorant/immunology , Signal Transduction , Blotting, Western , In Situ Hybridization/methods , In Situ Hybridization , Immunohistochemistry , Molecular Biology
15.
São Paulo; s.n; 5 nov. 2008. [116] p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-508081

ABSTRACT

No genoma de camundongo existem por volta de 1000 genes que codificam para receptores olfatórios (ORs) e 150 genes que codificam para receptores de feromônios do tipo 1 (V1Rs) distribuídos em vários cromossomos. Cada neurônio olfatório e vomeronasal seleciona um único alelo de um único gene de receptor OR ou de V1R, respectivamente, para expressar enquanto que o restante do repertório é mantido silenciado. Os mecanismos que regulam esse padrão de expressão não são conhecidos. As similaridades no padrão de expressão dos genes de ORs e de V1Rs sugerem que o mecanismo de regulação possa ser comum. Até então poucas regiões promotoras de genes de ORs e de genes de V1Rs haviam sido experimentalmente determinadas e pesquisadas. Realizamos uma análise na qual regiões a montante de um grande número de diferentes genes de ORs e de genes de V1Rs foram comparadas...


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Gene Expression/genetics , Pheromones/genetics , In Vitro Techniques , Molecular Biology , Olfactory Receptor Neurons , Smell/genetics , Smell/immunology , Vomeronasal Organ/immunology , Receptors, Odorant/analysis , Receptors, Odorant/biosynthesis , Dissection , Electrophoresis , Spectrophotometry , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Polymerase Chain Reaction
16.
Repert. med. cir ; 17(2): 72-89, 2008. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-523242

ABSTRACT

Las funciones de quimiosensitividad y quimiosensorialidad de la nariz humana han sido siempre despreciadas, pero el incremento de evidencias a partir de investigaciones en otras especies animales sugiere que la olfación puede servir para otros propósitos muy importantes. En mamíferos está mediada por distintos órganos localizados en la cavidad nasal, como el epitelio olfatorio que une moléculas volátiles, responsable de la percepción consciente de olores y el órgano vomeronasal (OVN) que une feromonas y origina varias respuestas sobre todo entre individuos de una misma especie. Moléculas olorosas y feromonas se unen a receptores que permiten la señal de transducción, que son codificados por grandes familias multigénicas. Esta revisión presenta la información reciente y actualizada acerca de la temática de feromonas humanas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Olfactory Receptor Neurons , Receptors, Odorant , Vomeronasal Organ , Pheromones, Human , Receptors, Pheromone
17.
São Paulo; s.n; 7 ago. 2006. 90 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-450120

ABSTRACT

Os odores são detectados por uma grande família de receptores olfatórios (ORs) que são expressos nos neurônios olfatórios localizados no nariz. Os ORs ativados por um determinado odor acoplam-se à proteína Galfaolf que irá promover a ativação da adenilil ciclase III, resultando na produção de AMPc. O aumento da concentração de AMPc irá ativar canais iônicos dependentes de AMPc, tendo como consequência a despolarização do neurônio olfatório. A informação desencadeada pela ativação de determinados ORs é então transmitida para regiões específicas do cérebro promovendo a percepção do odor. A determinação da especificidade dos ORs para diferentes odores irá contribuir para o entendimento de como os odores são discriminados pelo sistema olfatório, entretanto, poucos ORs tiveram seus ligantes definidos devido a dificuldade de expressão funcional de ORs em sistema heterólogo. Em nosso trabalho, utilizamos o sistema de duplo-híbrido em levedura a fim de determinar potenciais novos reguladores para Galfaolf. Deste experimento, identificamos que Ric-8B (Ric, abreviatura de Resistant to Inhibitors of Cholinesterase), um provável GEF (GTP Exchange Factor), é capaz de interagir com Gaolf. Assim como Gaolf, Ric-8B é predominantemente expresso nos neurônios olfatórios maduros e em regiões específicas do cérebro. A restrita co-localização de Gaolf e Ric-8B fortemente indica que Ric-8B é uma proteína que participa da via de transdução de sinal de Galfaolf. Através de nossos ensaios, utilizando células HEK-293, foi possível mostrar que Ric-8B é capaz de potencializar a atividade de Galfaolf, tendo como consequência o aumento da produção de AMPc em sistema heterólogo. Por fim, nós mostramos que Ric-8B é capaz de promover a expressão funcional de ORs em sistema heterólogo...


Subject(s)
Odorants , Olfactory Receptor Neurons , Receptors, Odorant , Signal Transduction , Gene Library , Molecular Biology , Yeasts
18.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 2005 Jan; 49(1): 122
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-106209
19.
Genet. mol. res. (Online) ; 3(4): 545-553, 2004. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-410898

ABSTRACT

Olfactory receptors (ORs) constitute the largest gene-family in the vertebrate genome. We have attempted to provide a comprehensive view of the OR universe through diverse tools of bioinformatics and computational biology. Among others, we have constructed the Human Olfactory Receptor Data Exploratorium (HORDE, http://bioportal.weizmann.ac.il/HORDE/) as a free online resource, which integrates information on ORs from different species. We studied the genomic organization of 853 human ORs and divided the repertoire into 135 clusters, accessible through our new cluster viewer feature. An analysis of intact and pseudogenized ORs in different clusters, as well as of OR expression patterns, is provided, relevant to OR transcription control. Coding single nucleotide polymorphisms were integrated; these are to be used for genotype-phenotype correlation studies. HORDE allows a unique opportunity for discerning protein structural and functional information of the individual OR proteins. By applying novel data analysis strategies to the >3000 OR genes of mouse, dog and human within HORDE, we have generated a set of refined rhodopsin-based homology models for ORs. For model improvement, we employed a novel analysis of specific positions along the seven transmembrane helices at which prolines generate helix-breaking kinks. The model shows family-specif ic structural features, including idiosyncratic kink patterns, which lead to significant differences in the inferred odorant binding site structure. Such analyses form a basis for a comprehensive sequence-based classification of OR proteins in terms of potential odorant binding specificities.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Dogs , Mice , Databases, Genetic , Evolution, Molecular , Genome, Human , Olfactory Receptor Neurons , Receptors, Odorant/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Molecular Sequence Data
20.
Biol. Res ; 29(3): 333-41, 1996.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-228526

ABSTRACT

Odorant detection takes place at the receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium and odorant discrimination relies in an important degree on these chemosensory cells. Here we review the evidence for the participation of multiple transduction pathways in the mechanisms of odor recognition in olfactory neurons


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Odorants , Olfactory Nerve/physiology , Olfactory Receptor Neurons/physiology , Smell/physiology , Vertebrates/physiology , Carbon Monoxide , Cyclic AMP/physiology , Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/physiology , Nitric Oxide/physiology , Receptors, Odorant/physiology , Second Messenger Systems/physiology
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